Fig. 1

LC-ESI-MS profile of crude venom extracts of Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans. About 10% of crude venom extract of a single specimen was subjected to reverse-phase HPLC using CAPCELL PAK C₁₈ (1.5 × 150 mm) with linear gradient of 5–65% CH₃CN/H₂O/0.1% formic acid over 20 min at flow rate of 200 μL/min. a UV absorption by PDA. b Total ion current (TIC). Numbers in B show “virtual” fraction number as in Tables 2 to 6