Fig. 4

Scheme of (a) bottom-up and (b) top-down venomics workflows used in the authors’ laboratories. In bottom-up venomics, offline pre-MS venom fractionation is used to quantify the relative abundance of the venom components, whereas in the top-down approach proteoform identification and quantification is performed inside a high-resolution ion trapping mass spectrometer. A practical consequence of the top-down configuration is the possibility of automating the whole process, reducing the analysis time from weeks (bottom-up venomics) to hours