Outbreaks of Ebola virus disease in Africa: the beginnings of a tragic saga

Chippaux, Jean-Philippe

doi:10.1186/1678-9199-20-44

Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases

Table 4 Characteristics of the African manifestations of Ebola virus (bolded names indicate the place of first case occurrence)

From: Outbreaks of Ebola virus disease in Africa: the beginnings of a tragic saga

Year	Country	Districts	Ebola species	Length (weeks)	Number of cases				Ways of transmission	References
Year	Country	Districts	Ebola species	Length (weeks)	Presumed*	Confirmed	Deaths	Total	Ways of transmission	References
1976	Sudan	Nzara, Maridi, Tembura, Juba	Sudan	22	227	57	151	284	Nursing patient	[12, 25]
1976	DRC	Yambuku, Abumombazi, Kinshasa	Zaïre	9	307	11	280	318	Nosocomial**	[11–13, 26]
									Nursing patient
									Funeral/burial ritual
1977	DRC	Tandala	Zaïre	–		1	1	1		[83]
1979	Sudan	Nzara, Yambio	Sudan	10	24	10	22	34	Nursing patient	[24]
1994	Gabon	Minkouka, Andock, Minkébé	Zaïre	13	32	19	31	51	Nursing patient	[67, 82, 84]
1994	Côte d’Ivoire	Taï	Taï Forest	–		1	0	1		[15]
1995	Côte d’Ivoire /Liberia	Gozon	?			1	0	1		[85, 86]
1995	DRC	Kikwit, Mosango (±30 villages)	Zaïre	27	233	82	255	315	Nosocomial**	[28, 87]
									Nursing patient
									Funeral/burial ritual
1996	Gabon	Mayibout	Zaïre	12	29	2	21	31	Eating bush meat	[67, 82, 88]
1996	Gabon	Mayibout	Zaïre	12	29	2	21	31	Funeral/burial ritual	[67, 82, 88]
1996	Gabon	Booué, Balimba, Lastourville, Libreville	Zaïre	27	56	4	45	60	Eating bush meat	[67, 82, 89–91]
1996	Gabon	Booué, Balimba, Lastourville, Libreville	Zaïre	27	56	4	45	60	Nursing patient	[67, 82, 89–91]
1996	South Africa	Johannesburg	Zaïre	–	0	2	2	2		[82]
2000	Uganda	Gulu, Masindi, Mbarara	Sudan	20	230	195	224	425	Nosocomial**	[21, 31]
2000	Uganda	Gulu, Masindi, Mbarara	Sudan	20	230	195	224	425	Nursing patient	[21, 31]
2001-2002	Gabon	Mékambo , Makokou, Franceville	Zaïre	21	37	28	53	65	Nosocomial**	[69, 82, 34]
									Nursing patient
									Funeral/burial ritual
2001-2002	Congo	Mbomo, Kellé	Zaïre	20?	50	9	44	59	Nosocomial**	[34]
									Nursing patient
									Funeral/burial ritual
2002	Congo	Mbomo	?	10	9		8	9	?	[34]
2002	Gabon	Ekata	?	10	2		2	2	?	[34]
2002-2003	Congo	Mbomo, Kellé	Zaïre	17	130	13	128	143	Nursing patient	[71]
2002-2003	Congo	Mbomo, Kellé	Zaïre	17	130	13	128	143	Funeral/burial ritual	[71]
2003	Congo	Mbomo, Mbandza	Zaïre	7	18	17	29	35	Nursing patient	[92]
2003	Congo	Mbomo, Mbandza	Zaïre	7	18	17	29	35	Funeral/burial ritual	[92]
2004	Sudan	Yambio	Sudan	10	4	13	7	17	Nursing patient	[93]
2004	Sudan	Yambio	Sudan	10	4	13	7	17	Funeral/burial ritual	[93]
2005	Congo	Etoumbi, Mbomo	Zaïre	6	11	1	10	12	Nursing patient	[70]
2005	Congo	Etoumbi, Mbomo	Zaïre	6	11	1	10	12	Funeral/burial ritual	[70]
2007	DRC	Luebo	Zaïre	17	≤ 170	≥ 17	186	264	No data	[47, 19]
2007	Uganda	Bundibugy, Kikyo	Bundibugyo	20	75	56	42	131	Nursing patient	[29, 30, 33, 94]
2007	Uganda	Bundibugy, Kikyo	Bundibugyo	20	75	56	42	131	Funeral/burial ritual	[29, 30, 33, 94]
2008	DRC	Luebo, Mweka	Zaïre	5	≤ 29	≥ 3	15	32	No data	[19]
2011	Uganda	Luwero	Sudan			1	1	1		[95]
2012	Uganda	Kibale	Sudan	11	13	11	17	24	No data	[96, 97]
2012	Uganda	Luwero , Kampala	Sudan	8	3	6	4	7	No data	[97–99]
2012	DRC	Isiro, Pawa, Dungu	Bundibugyo	29	41	36	36	77	Nosocomial**	[79, 100]
2012	DRC	Isiro, Pawa, Dungu	Bundibugyo	29	41	36	36	77	Nursing patient	[79, 100]
									Funeral/burial ritual

*Alert, suspected or probable case, i.e. diagnosis based on clinical and/or epidemiological criteria but not biological evidence (see Table 3). In some outbreaks, case definition changed during the epidemics.
**Hospital transmission due to needle and syringe contamination, contact with patient’s blood, secretions or fomites.

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ISSN: 1678-9199

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